Balance training can reduce falls risk by improving balance and gait, even when peripheral neuropathy is present ( 11). Stretching increases range of motion around joints and flexibility ( 10) but does not affect glycemic control. Limited joint mobility is frequently present, resulting in part from the formation of advanced glycation end products, which accumulate during normal aging and are accelerated by hyperglycemia ( 25). Benefits of Other Types of Physical Activityįlexibility and balance exercises are likely important for older adults with diabetes. Resistance training benefits for individuals with type 2 diabetes include improvements in glycemic control, insulin resistance, fat mass, blood pressure, strength, and lean body mass ( 24). When resistance and aerobic exercise are undertaken in one exercise session, performing resistance exercise first results in less hypoglycemia than when aerobic exercise is performed first ( 23). However, resistance exercise can assist in minimizing risk of exercise-induced hypoglycemia in type 1 diabetes ( 22). The effect of resistance exercise on glycemic control in type 1 diabetes is unclear ( 19). The health benefits of resistance training for all adults include improvements in muscle mass, body composition, strength, physical function, mental health, bone mineral density, insulin sensitivity, blood pressure, lipid profiles, and cardiovascular health ( 12). TYPES OF EXERCISE AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITYĭiabetes is an independent risk factor for low muscular strength ( 20) and accelerated decline in muscle strength and functional status ( 21). Prediabetes is diagnosed when blood glucose levels are above the normal range but not high enough to be classified as diabetes affected individuals have a heightened risk of developing type 2 diabetes ( 7) but may prevent/delay its onset with physical activity and other lifestyle changes ( 8). Gestational diabetes mellitus occurs during pregnancy, with screening typically occurring at 24–28 weeks of gestation in pregnant women not previously known to have diabetes. Type 2 diabetes (90%–95% of cases) results from a progressive loss of insulin secretion, usually also with insulin resistance. Although it can occur at any age, β-cell destruction rates vary, typically occurring more rapidly in youth than in adults. Type 1 diabetes (5%–10% of cases) results from cellular-mediated autoimmune destruction of the pancreatic β-cells, producing insulin deficiency ( 7). The primary types of diabetes are type 1 and type 2. Ovalle notes that most symptoms of type 2 diabetes come on and progress gradually.Physical activity recommendations and precautions may vary by diabetes type. No two people with type 2 diabetes experience the condition in the exact same way, and the number of symptoms and their severity fluctuate from person to person. Because type 2 diabetes affects every cell in the body, the condition can cause a wide range of symptoms, says Fernando Ovalle, MD, the director of the multidisciplinary diabetes clinic at the University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine. To stay fully on top of your metabolic health, you need to listen to what your body is telling you. In some cases, based on your family history, age, and overall health, your doctor may go ahead and include an A1C test in your yearly workup. If your physician finds your levels to be high, they’ll evaluate your A1C, which is a two- to three-month average of your blood sugar levels. Getting your annual physical, which typically involves testing your fasting blood sugar levels, is a great first-line screening for type 2 diabetes, no matter how healthy you think your blood sugar levels are, says Dawn Turner, RD, CDCES, a diabetes educator at the Northwestern Medicine Regional Medical Group in suburban Chicago. But one-fourth of those people don’t know they have the condition. More than 37 million people in the United States have type 2 diabetes, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
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